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Laboratotry diagnosis of intestinal protozoa with a focus on Dientamoeba fragilis
Vyleťalová, Lea ; Vejsová, Marcela (advisor) ; Konečná, Klára (referee)
CHARLES UNIVERSITY Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Medical Laboratory Technician Bachelor's thesis Author: Lea Vyleťalová Supervisor: Mgr. Marcela Vejsová, Ph.D. Title: Laboratory diagnosis of intestinal protozoa with a focus on Dientamoeba fragilis Infections caused by intestinal protozoa are currently a persistent health problem. These infections mainly affect populations in developing countries due to their limited laboratory facilities, often poor hygiene practices and limited funding for health services. Although traditional diagnostic methods based on microscopy and staining are still in use, they present significant limitations in terms of low sensitivity and specifity, as well as time- consuming and the need for trained laboratory workers. For this reason, new methods are still being developed in developed areas, particularly in the field od molecular biology. These methods are based on the principle of the polymerase chain reaction and its multiplex design. Other possible methods suitable for the detection of intestinal parasitic infections include immunological and culture-based methods. One of the intestinal parasitic protozoa causing gastrointestinal disease is the cosmopolitan trichomonad Dientamoeba fragilis. This is a parasite whose...
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Gestational type diabetes of mellitus and it´s laboratory determination
SVOBODOVÁ, Nikola
Abstract I am a medical laboratory technician working in a biochemical-immunological laboratory, and almost every week I come across the results of screening tests that reveal impaired glucose tolerance in pregnant women. Some of them are then diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus. The global incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus is reported to be approximately 14% of all pregnancies and usually resolves spontaneously by the end of the sixth trimester. Of course, there are also cases when the condition persists and due to long-term consequences, besides other things, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases. (Goldmannová, 2019) Such women continue to be treated and monitored when switching to the classic diabetes mellitus disease. In my work, I decided to provide a comprehensive overview for the medical laboratory technicians, as well as to collect data on gestational diabetes in the vicinity of Nový Bor. This work aims to create an overview of gestational diabetes and risks for mother and fetus, to describe the course of screening laboratory examination and determination of gestational diabetes mellitus on its own tested group. For the last year and a half, I have monitored the conditions of pregnant women who come to our outpatient department to undergo an oral glucose test. Before the examination, I had the patients fill out voluntary questionnaires. I created the questions based on the risk factors I was looking for, which could have influenced the course of the pregnancy or the development of gestational diabetes. After an overall evaluation of the examined results from the examination and comparison with questionnaires, I evaluated which risk factors are present in women with proven GDM to a greater extent and therefore, depending on their occurrence, could lead to the development of the disease.
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Screening of carriage of group B (GBS) Streptococcus in pregnant women
ŽIŽKOVÁ, Johana
In the theoretical part of my bachelor thesis, I first focus on the topic of genitourinary infections. I also mention infections that occur in men, then I deal mainly with infections of the genitourinary tract of a woman. I also mention sexually transmitted diseases. Then I go straight to the topic of my bachelor thesis, where I deal with Streptococcus agalactiae bacteria and its screening. The practical part is devoted to the adoption of methods that are used to determine the presence of Streptococcus agalactiae. The whole practical part was carried out in the microbiological laboratory SYNLAB s.r.o. in České Budějovice. The methods of common cultivation were used, cultivation that took place after multiplication of the pathogen in Todd Hewitt Broth + Antibiotics. If Streptococcus agalactiae was detected during cultivation, another test had to be carried out to ensure that this is indeed the pathogen. MALDI-TOF MS is the most frequent determinant, but latex agglutination, CAMP test or API 20 STREP biochemical test can also be used. During the research, 100 samples were processed, which were subjected to normal cultivation and then cultivation according to the recommended procedure, where the swab is incubated in the Todd Hewitt Broth + Antibiotics for 24 hours. Of the 100 samples, the positivity was shown to us after the first cultivation in 14 cases, after multiplication in the broth, another 5 were revealed. From the obtained data and data from the last 3 years provided by the laboratory, I compiled statistics, which I further compared with nationwide data. The aim of my bachelor thesis was to get acquainted with the issue of genitourinary infections and the possibilities of their laboratory diagnosis. I performed the examination of a group of patients by bacteriological cultivation of vaginal swabs and further cultivation after multiplication in the Todd Hewitt Broth + Antibiotics. Subsequently, I compared the results of these two methods and compared the results of the laboratory with the frequency of positive findings with the nationwide data.
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Comparison of field and laboratory tests in adult soccer players
Skálová, Denisa ; Kokštejn, Jakub (advisor) ; Šťastný, Petr (referee)
Title: Comparison of field and laboratoty tests in adult soccer players Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between selected field and laboratory tests in adult female soccer players. Methods: The tested group consisted of 20 first league female football players of the Prague women's team FK Dukla Praha, their age ranged from 17-36 years (height 167 ± 14.8, weight 66.8 ± 21.3). The measurements were taken once during the spring preparation period 2021 (March-May). Data were collected indirectly (mediated) using laboratory instruments (body composition tests - DEXA, lower limb explosive strength - KISTLER, muscle strength - CYBEX) as well as field motor tests (10 and 30 m sprints, 6 x 20 m repeated sprints, agility test and special endurance test). Kendall's tau (τ) was used for data analysis and subsequent correlation. The level of statistical significance was set at (p < 0.05). According to Portney and Watkins (2009), the strength of the correlation was interpreted as follows: 0.00-0.25 little or no relationship; 0.26-0.50 low relationship; 0.51-0.75 moderate or good relationship; and 0.76-1.0 good to excellent relationship. Results: This study found that there were no significant correlations between the individual test scores selected for our hypotheses. Low...
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Pathogenic Escherichia coli
Bílková, Dominika ; Vejsová, Marcela (advisor) ; Voxová, Barbora (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Subject of study: Healthcare bioanalytics Author: Dominika Bílková Supervisor: Mgr. Marcela Vejsová, Ph.D. Title: Pathogenic Escherichia coli Background: The aim of this work is to gather basic knowledge about bacteria Escherichia coli. The work is mainly focused on pathogenic serotypes of E. coli, their virulence factors and symptoms of diseases. The work also deals with laboratory diagnosis options for E. coli and treatment and prevention options. Main findings: Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacterium and a member of the family Enterobacterales. It is common part of the human intestinal microflora, where it produces vitamin K and inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Some serotypes of E. coli are pathogenic and they have the ability to cause intestinal or extraintestinal diseases. Intestinal pathogens cause intestinal infections with diarrhea and they are divided into enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), enteroaggregative (EAEC) and diffusely adherent (DAEC) E. coli. Extraintestinal pathogens cause mainly urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis and sepsis. Conclusions: Escherichia coli is important part of...
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Laboratory diagnosis of pheochromocytoma
Chlupáčová, Tereza ; Bílek, Radovan (advisor) ; Švandová, Ivana (referee)
1 Phaeochromocytomas are tumors predominantly rare to chromaffin tissue in adrenal glands' medulla. Tumors in the extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue are called paragangliomas. Phaeochromocytomas cause secretion of high amounts of catecholamines, which can lead to fatal consequences if not medically treated. The aim of this thesis is to summarize the so far known facts about this severe disease in a written review. The first part of the study focuses on issues of phaeochromocytoma research and lists general information about these tumors and their clinical manifestations. The importance of genetic influence in connection with treatment strategies for patients with phaeochromocytoma is also discussed. The second part of the thesis summarizes procedures and methods used in laboratory diagnostics of phaeochromocytomas. The conclusion briefly describes the possibilities of tumor localization using imaging technologies and procedures of subsequent treatment of patients with phaeochromocytoma.
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Laboratory functional diagnostics of malabsorption syndromes with the focus on lactose intolerance
Pluhařová, Apolena ; Kocna, Petr (advisor) ; Kohout, Pavel (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with laboratory functional diagnostics of malabsorption syndromes. Especially the functional diagnosis of lactose intolerance. The golden standard for the functional diagnosis of lactose intolerance is the breath test. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of lactose intolerance (LI) using a lactose breath test when consuming a dose of 20 g of lactose in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms and in volunteers who do not show gastrointestinal problems. Part of the research was also to examine the symptoms that led the individual to see a doctor and undergo a lactose breath test. The method consisted in the evaluation of the results of breath tests, which were performed on patients and volunteers in the gastroenterological laboratory of the 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University and the General Hospital. A questionnaire was given to everyone to evaluate the symptoms of LI and the phenomena leading to malabsorption. Lactose intolerance was confirmed in 92 % of patients and 79 % of volunteers. The most reported symptoms in the patient sample were typical gastrointestinal LI-related problems: gastric and intestinal problems after milk consumption (85 % of patients), gastric and intestinal problems after consumption of dairy products (85 % of patients),...
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Genetické příčiny deficitu cytochrom c oxidázy u dětí
Vondráčková, Alžběta ; Tesařová, Markéta (advisor) ; Brdička, Radim (referee) ; Procházková, Dagmar (referee)
Mitochondria are the key source of vital ATP molecules, which are largely produced within cells by a system of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Genetic defects affecting any of the components of the oxidative phosphorylation system or the structure and function of mitochondria lead to mitochondrial disorders, which occur at an incidence rate of 1 in 5000 live births. Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is the terminal enzyme and electron acceptor of a respiratory chain that catalyses oxygen to produce a water molecule. In addition to complex I deficiency, isolated or combined COX deficiency is the most common respiratory chain defect in paediatric patients, and it can arise from mutations located either in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes encoding the structural subunits or corresponding assembly factors of the enzyme complex. However, the molecular basis of COX deficiency remains elusive in many patients despite advances in the identification of an increasing number of mutations and genes involved in the disease. This thesis focuses on the identification of the genetic causes of mitochondrial diseases in a cohort of 60 unrelated Czech children with clinically and laboratory confirmed COX-deficiency. With the use of a high-resolution melting analysis mutation screen, four heterozygous sequence...
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The Problems of cultivated examination of stool - bacteriology
KAVALEC, Lukáš
Diarrheal diseases are a global problem. In developing countries, where there is a low hygienic standard and limited availability of medical care, a large proportion of mortality is caused by diarrhea, in developed countries deaths are less frequent. In our conditions the most common infections are salmonellosis caused by the bacteria of genus Salmonella, campylobacteriosis caused by Campylobacter bacteria, and Enterotoxicoses, which are food poisonings. Gastroenteritis can also be caused by viruses such as moderate adenoviruses, kaliciviruses and astroviruses. Parasitic gastroenteritis is a problem solely for developing countries in tropical areas. In the theoretical part of my bachelor thesis I elaborate the general characteristics of diarrhea and the description and possibilities of diagnostics of the most frequent agents of bacterial gastroenteritis. The practical part was processed in the laboratory of the microbiology Synlab in České Budějovice, where I carried out an identification of bacterial agents of infectious diarrhea from rectal swabs by cultivation on suitable media, accurate determination was performed by biochemical tests, MALDI-TOF and agglutination tests for accurate serotyping of strains. From the obtained data and data from the laboratory I elaborated a statistic comparing the laboratory results with the results in the whole Czech Republic. The aim of my thesis was to acquaint myself with the problematics of infectious gastroenteritis, to elaborate a specialized research on the topic, to describe and acquire methods of direct detection of bacteria routinely used in microbiological diagnosis of diarrhea - especially cultivation and statistically compare laboratory results with the whole Czech Republic.
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Laboratory diagnostic of mold genus Fusarium
Vitáčková, Petra ; Konečná, Klára (advisor) ; Vejsová, Marcela (referee)
Submitted diploma thesis deals with laboratory diagnostics of filamentous micromycetes (moulds) genus Fusarium in the laboratories of medical mycology. In the first part of the diploma thesis is dedicated space for general familiarization with filamentous microscopic fungi. Next separate chapter describes the genus Fusarium, especially in relation to human medicine. The final part of the diploma thesis summarizes current possibilities of laboratory diagnostics of filamentous micromycetes, focusing on the genus Fusarium. Invasive infections caused by filamentous fungi are increasingly common complication, especially in immunocompromised patients. In most cases they affect the patients with hematologic malignity and patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or solid organ transplantation. The most common etiological agent of such infections is unambiguously the Aspergillus genus. However, in recent years, increasingly cases of infections due to less common filamentous fungi, including Fusarium spp. are described. Invasion fungal infections are associated with very high mortality. The basic requirement thus becomes the speed and accuracy of diagnosis. The most important methods for the laboratory diagnostics of invasive infections caused by filamentous fungi are conventional methods -...
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